FDR Easily Wins an Unprecedented Third Term! November 1940 with promises "I have said it before and I'll say it again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars."
The United States Prepares for War
Key Terms:
Neutrality Act
Quarantine Speech
Cash- and-Carry
Lend-Lease Act
Atlantic Charter
FDR issued a Proclamation of Neutrality two days after the outbreak of war in Poland.
A public opinion poll showed that 84% of Americans sympathized with the Poles, Finns, British & French.Only 2% supported the Germans. With the American proclamation, FDR commented that
"Americans need not remain neutral in thought."
Even though he had declared neutrality,FDR continued to make efforts to repeal restrictions on selling arms to nations at war. Congress rebuffed his proposals until "Cash & Carry" FDR assured isolationists saying that " there was not the remotest possibility of sending the boys to fight on the battlefield of Europe".
In September of 1940, FDR granted British Prime Minister Churchill urgent request for ships with a deal. The US transferred 50 old but usable destroyers to the British in exchange for a 99 year lease on naval and air bases in Newfoundland, Canada & in British held Caribbean Islands.
FDR Meeting with Churchill aboard a British battleship off coast of New Newfoundland, Canada August 1941
Atlantic Charter stated that the US & Great Britain believed in the following ideas
sought no territorial gain,
would allow no territorial changes without the consent of the people concerned,
respected the rights of all peoples to choose their own form of government,
believed that all nations should have equal rights to trade and to raw materials,
wanted nations to cooperate on economic matters to ensure a decent standard of living,
believed people everywhere should have the right to security and freedom from want and fear,
believed freedom of the seas should be guaranteed, and
believed that nations must abolish the use of force and establish a system of general security, suggestion the creation of of an international organization.
Neutral??? In what ways did the US become involved in the war?
Japan took other smaller islands off the coast of French Indochina(Vietnam) & British colony, Singapore - to isolate them more
After Netherlands & France fell - Japan took their imperial holdings in Asia . Dutch East Indies(Indonesia) & French Indochina which included Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia
September 1940 - Japan entered a formal alliance with Germany & Italy
April 1941 - Japan signed Non-Aggression Treaty with Soviet Union - for 5 years!
US response to Japanese Aggression -
protested- Japan had violated the Nine- Power Act of 1922 (the last of 3 treaties that the US, Britain, Japan & others signed to relieve tension in Asian colonial territories after WWI - think Open Door Policy & trade or exploitation of China - depending who you talk to)
gave aid to Chinese Nationalists(not the Communists) to help them oppose Japanese aggression & Mao - leader of the Communists
placed an embargo on sale of oil and scrap metals to Japan - What would Japan use these for anyway?
Result: Japan more intent on getting the oil field of Dutch East Indies(Indonesia) & now eyeing the US positions in the Philippines & Hawaii - a threat to Japanese domination of the Pacific!
December 7, 1941 - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…. Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this…, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.”
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the US mobilized for war.
recruited soldiers, sailors, & airmen - 16 million by the end of war
Accept women in military in non-combat roles
build new military bases for training
Use the assembly line to build aircraft & ships(Liberty Ships - 4.5 days)
Women - 6.5 million to replace men in factory jobs - "Rosie the Riveter"
New opportunities for African American men in military (although in segregated units) - Tuskegee Airmen
Better labor relations with employers especially after FDR issued an order outlawing discrimination in the work force
Hispanic Americans - also serve in military & worked farms mainly in California
Manhattan Project -1939 - Research & Building the Atomic Bomb - J. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Albert Einstein
On December 8, 1941, Japan took advantage of American weakness and captured the American islands of Wake & Guam. They also attacked the American held Philippines at Luzon. The Empire of Japan pressed on to control Hong Kong, Burma, Thailand, Malaya, & acquired Vietnam as a "protectorate" from the France - as it was already occupied by the Nazis and yielded her colonial holdings in North Africa & Southeast Asia. Japan's objective was to press southward to the oil rich islands of Indonesia and ultimately to capture the Australia, member of the British Commonwealth of countries. The long bloody battle for the Pacific had only just begun.
Nazi Occupation of Europe Get the big picture!Meanwhile across the Atlantic.....
Operation Torch - American invasion of North Africa - Morocco moving eastward. British in Egypt maintaining control of important waterway linking trade with Indian Ocean - the Suez Canal. British move westward & defeat the feared German General Erwin Rommel known as the "Desert Fox".
1943 - Joint Invasion force - British & Americans move into Sicily - Mussolini is captured and forced to resign. Allies encountered heavy opposition from Germans at Anzio 1944. After much fighting, Patton's army marched up the boot of Italy into Southern/Vichy France
1943 - Battle of Stalingrad the turning point of the war. Germans sought to quickly defeat the Soviets through their double cross attack on the Soviet Union - nullifying the Russo- German Pact. Soviets retreated far into the interior of the continent and practiced "Scorched Earth Policy" which left the Germans with damaged gained territory and delayed fighting into the bitterly cold Russian winter. fighting took place in the street from house to house. Finally the Soviet were able to turn back the German advances.Children's Fountain
June 6, 1944 - D-Day Invasion of Normandy, France - Allied invasion of northern France by the US, Great Britain, & Canada under the cover of inclement(very bad)
June 6,1944 Looking at Omaha Beach
weather. The Germans were not convinced that this was the main wave of invading Allied forces. Nazis were fooled by the "dummy" fleet of cardboard planes parked nearer to the coast on the eastern side of Great Britain. The Allies were also aided in the fact that Field Marshall Rommel was away from the front at the time due to his wife's birthday. He left the heavily guarded coast of Northern France confident that his fortified battle lines would hold even if something were to happen. The forecast of stormy weather in the English Channel, made an invasion seem unlikely. More facts on D-Day.D-Day "Saving Private Ryan"
December 1944 - Battle of the Bulge - Hitler's last attempt at stopping the British and American Armies from reaching Germany. Against the advice of his generals, Hitler ordered the "Ardennes Offensive" which now is known the Battle of the Bulge. It is called this because the German offensive caught the Allies off guard and pushed them 50 miles back. The fighting was intense as the numbers reflect Germans 100,000 casualties, Americans 81,000 casualties.More on Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge "Band of Brothers"Bulge
War in the Pacific : When we left, Japan had attacked where........? "The Pacific"
American Prisoners of War
The Bataan Death March March 1942 - Bataan PhilippinesAmerican Army force of 10,000 men commanded by General Douglas MacArthur along with 60,000 Filipino troops were trapped by a Japanese Invasion of the Philippines. With no hope of the US Navy aiding in their retreat, General MacArthur was ordered to leave his men as he was deemed too valuable an officer to be captured by the Japanese. MacArthur proclaimed to his troops his immortal quote, "I shall return." After his reluctant retreat, the Japanese captured the 70,000 troops left behind, and force them to march some 65 - 75 miles through intense heat without food, water, or bathroom breaks. Surrender was not a word in the Japanese vocabulary and was therefore was viewed as dishonorable. The Japanese treated their new-found prisoners of war with extreme cruelty.Survivor Story Bataan
What is meant by island hopping? Explain this a strategy of war.
Strategic Battles/Events in the Pacific
April 1942 - Doolittle Raid on Tokyo - a psychological victory for the American public & caught the Japanese off guard.Doolittle's Raid
May 1942 - Battle of Coral Sea - American Aircraft carriers led by Admiral Chester Nimitz stopped the Japanese off the coast of New Guinea & halted the advance toward the capture of Australia. - Coral Sea was also another psychological boost for the battered US Pacific Fleet & American morale.
June 1942 - Battle of Midway - The Turning Point of the War in the Pacific - The Japanese Admiral Yamamoto wanted to lure the remaining American Pacific Fleet 1,300 miles north of Hawaii to the strategic atoll called the Midway Islands. Unbeknownst to the Japanese, the Americans led by Admiral Nimitz had already cracked the Japanese code.
More Island Hopping - Many bloody battles: Guadalcanal, Pelelieu, Saipan, Leyte Gulf & kamikaze attacks committed to achieving their battle objective even though it meant not only death but killing as many of the enemy in the process; Fortunately for the United States, the wind talkers used their Navajo unwritten language as code to transmit orders. This code was not broken by the Japanese.Navajo Code Eugene Sledge - Battle of Pelelieu Pacific - Pelelieu Airfield
Raising the Flag - Iwo Jima - the battle had only just begun
February 1945 - Iwo Jima - American Marines made an amphibious landing on this volcanic island 750 miles from the Japanese mainland and considered a shrine to the Japanese. Inside the extinct volcano approximately 20,000 Japanese troops waited for advancing Marines. After a fierce battle 7,000 Americans were dead and 19,000 Japanese fought to the death"Iwo Jima" - HBO "the Pacific"
April 1945 Okinawa - Just 350 miles off of Japan, the stakes grew even higher. Over 12,000 Americans died in the invasion force at Okinawa, while an overwhelming 110,000 Japanese died for their emperor.
View the footage and conditions of Iwo Jima - Write CCQPs under the impressions of Normandy & Battle of the Bulge Were the Japanese resigned to the fact that they were losing the war?
Executive Order 9066 Internment Camp video Internment Camps Eyewitness: Hidden Camera Topaz Utah In February of 1942, President Roosevelt ordered the forced relocation of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans away from their homes and businesses primarily located on the West Coast. They endured many in the these camps, and were asked to take oaths of loyalty. These was never any proof that Japanese American espionage.
December 1944 - Battle of the Bulge - Hitler's last attempt at stopping the British and American Armies from reaching Germany. Against the advice of his generals, Hitler ordered the "Ardennes Offensive" which now is known as the Battle of the Bulge. It is called this because the German offensive caught the Allies off guard and pushed them 50 miles back. The fighting was intense as the numbers reflect Germans 100,000 casualties, Americans 81,000 casualties.More on Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge "Band of Brothers"
End of WWII in Europe - The Allies meet and occupy Germany West meets East
3 Conferences - Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
How will this war end? Are the Allies all in agreement?What will the world look like after the war?
Above is a map showing how the Allied troops would meet at the Elbe River in Berlin, Germany. Read the "Inside Story" Chapter 24.5 to learn more about this historic moment. At Tehran Conference & Yalta Conference (see pictures above) it had been decided to
partition Germany into 4 zones at the end of the war. Berlin would also be partitioned into zones to be overseen by the Americans, British, French, & Soviets.
Poland would be under the Soviet "guidance" but there would be a free election soon to determine what type of government the Polish people wanted.
Other Soviet occupied lands would also have free elections
Soviets were to declare war on Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered.
In this picture taken in January of 1945, one can see a very frail FDR seated in the middle. FDR would be dead by mid-April 1945, and his successor Harry Truman would have to see the Americans through to the end of the war & Japanese defeat in August of 1945.
FDR Easily Wins an Unprecedented Third Term! November 1940 with promises "I have said it before and I'll say it again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars."
The United States Prepares for War
Key Terms:
FDR issued a Proclamation of Neutrality two days after the outbreak of war in Poland.
A public opinion poll showed that 84% of Americans sympathized with the Poles, Finns, British & French.Only 2% supported the Germans. With the American proclamation, FDR commented that
"Americans need not remain neutral in thought."
Even though he had declared neutrality,FDR continued to make efforts to repeal restrictions on selling arms to nations at war. Congress rebuffed his proposals until "Cash & Carry" FDR assured isolationists saying that " there was not the remotest possibility of sending the boys to fight on the battlefield of Europe".
In September of 1940, FDR granted British Prime Minister Churchill urgent request for ships with a deal. The US transferred 50 old but usable destroyers to the British in exchange for a 99 year lease on naval and air bases in Newfoundland, Canada & in British held Caribbean Islands.
Lend-Lease Act
Atlantic Charter - United States Still Neutral?
Atlantic Charter stated that the US & Great Britain believed in the following ideas
Neutral??? In what ways did the US become involved in the war?
Japanese Aggression in the Pacific Map is here
- 1930s Japan pushed further inland into China
- Japan took other smaller islands off the coast of French Indochina(Vietnam) & British colony, Singapore - to isolate them more
- After Netherlands & France fell - Japan took their imperial holdings in Asia . Dutch East Indies(Indonesia) & French Indochina which included Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia
- September 1940 - Japan entered a formal alliance with Germany & Italy
- April 1941 - Japan signed Non-Aggression Treaty with Soviet Union - for 5 years!
US response to Japanese Aggression -Result: Japan more intent on getting the oil field of Dutch East Indies(Indonesia) & now eyeing the US positions in the Philippines & Hawaii - a threat to Japanese domination of the Pacific!
December 7, 1941 - Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
"A Day that will live in Infamy"FDR
eyewitness to Pearl Harbor MarkupPearl Harbor Attack in photos
Part I - Pearl Harbor in ColorPart II - Pearl Harbor in ColorPart III - Pearl Harbor in Color
Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet
List of Japanese Aggressions December 1941
“Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan…. Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this…, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.”
—Franklin Roosevelt, December 8, 1941
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the US mobilized for war.
Manhattan Project -1939 - Research & Building the Atomic Bomb - J. Robert Oppenheimer, Enrico Fermi, Albert Einstein
On December 8, 1941, Japan took advantage of American weakness and captured the American islands of Wake & Guam. They also attacked the American held Philippines at Luzon. The Empire of Japan pressed on to control Hong Kong, Burma, Thailand, Malaya, & acquired Vietnam as a "protectorate" from the France - as it was already occupied by the Nazis and yielded her colonial holdings in North Africa & Southeast Asia. Japan's objective was to press southward to the oil rich islands of Indonesia and ultimately to capture the Australia, member of the British Commonwealth of countries. The long bloody battle for the Pacific had only just begun.
Nazi Occupation of Europe
Get the big picture!Meanwhile across the Atlantic.....
The Allies Invade - beginning in 1942
North Africa Map Analysis
Europe - the Allies Fight Back.pdf
- Details
- Download
- 894 KB
June 6,1944 Looking at Omaha Beach
- D-Day Normandy, France Invasion
D-Day survivor storiesOperation Torch - American invasion of North Africa - Morocco moving eastward. British in Egypt maintaining control of important waterway linking trade with Indian Ocean - the Suez Canal. British move westward & defeat the feared German General Erwin Rommel known as the "Desert Fox".
1943 - Joint Invasion force - British & Americans move into Sicily - Mussolini is captured and forced to resign. Allies encountered heavy opposition from Germans at Anzio 1944. After much fighting, Patton's army marched up the boot of Italy into Southern/Vichy France
1943 - Battle of Stalingrad the turning point of the war. Germans sought to quickly defeat the Soviets through their double cross attack on the Soviet Union - nullifying the Russo- German Pact. Soviets retreated far into the interior of the continent and practiced "Scorched Earth Policy" which left the Germans with damaged gained territory and delayed fighting into the bitterly cold Russian winter. fighting took place in the street from house to house. Finally the Soviet were able to turn back the German advances.Children's Fountain
June 6, 1944 - D-Day Invasion of Normandy, France - Allied invasion of northern France by the US, Great Britain, & Canada under the cover of inclement(very bad)
weather. The Germans were not convinced that this was the main wave of invading Allied forces. Nazis were fooled by the "dummy" fleet of cardboard planes parked nearer to the coast on the eastern side of Great Britain. The Allies were also aided in the fact that Field Marshall Rommel was away from the front at the time due to his wife's birthday. He left the heavily guarded coast of Northern France confident that his fortified battle lines would hold even if something were to happen. The forecast of stormy weather in the English Channel, made an invasion seem unlikely. More facts on D-Day.D-Day "Saving Private Ryan"
December 1944 - Battle of the Bulge - Hitler's last attempt at stopping the British and American Armies from reaching Germany. Against the advice of his generals, Hitler ordered the "Ardennes Offensive" which now is known the Battle of the Bulge. It is called this because the German offensive caught the Allies off guard and pushed them 50 miles back. The fighting was intense as the numbers reflect Germans 100,000 casualties, Americans 81,000 casualties.More on Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge "Band of Brothers" Bulge
__https://youtu.be/L29Wuo7NNoQ__ - the true story of Saving Private Ryan
War in the Pacific : When we left, Japan had attacked where........?
"The Pacific"
The Bataan Death March March 1942 - Bataan PhilippinesAmerican Army force of 10,000 men commanded by General Douglas MacArthur along with 60,000 Filipino troops were trapped by a Japanese Invasion of the Philippines. With no hope of the US Navy aiding in their retreat, General MacArthur was ordered to leave his men as he was deemed too valuable an officer to be captured by the Japanese. MacArthur proclaimed to his troops his immortal quote, "I shall return." After his reluctant retreat, the Japanese captured the 70,000 troops left behind, and force them to march some 65 - 75 miles through intense heat without food, water, or bathroom breaks. Surrender was not a word in the Japanese vocabulary and was therefore was viewed as dishonorable. The Japanese treated their new-found prisoners of war with extreme cruelty.Survivor Story BataanStrategic Battles/Events in the Pacific
More Island Hopping - Many bloody battles: Guadalcanal, Pelelieu, Saipan, Leyte Gulf & kamikaze attacks committed to achieving their battle objective even though it meant not only death but killing as many of the enemy in the process; Fortunately for the United States, the wind talkers used their Navajo unwritten language as code to transmit orders. This code was not broken by the Japanese.Navajo CodeApril 1942 - Doolittle Raid on Tokyo - a psychological victory for the American public & caught the Japanese off guard.Doolittle's Raid
May 1942 - Battle of Coral Sea - American Aircraft carriers led by Admiral Chester Nimitz stopped the Japanese off the coast of New Guinea & halted the advance toward the capture of Australia. - Coral Sea was also another psychological boost for the battered US Pacific Fleet & American morale.
June 1942 - Battle of Midway - The Turning Point of the War in the Pacific - The Japanese Admiral Yamamoto wanted to lure the remaining American Pacific Fleet 1,300 miles north of Hawaii to the strategic atoll called the Midway Islands. Unbeknownst to the Japanese, the Americans led by Admiral Nimitz had already cracked the Japanese code.
American losses: 1 aircraft carrier, 1 destroyer, 145 aircraft - 340 men.
Japanese losses: 4 aircraft carriers, 1 heavy cruiser, and 228 aircraft with 3,057 men killed.
details of Midway
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_gFDvFfJeXg/TcPghP3JPFI/AAAAAAAADYI/PNaVbkYWqlI/s1600/Battle+of+Midway.JPG
Eugene Sledge - Battle of Pelelieu
Pacific - Pelelieu Airfield
- February 1945 - Iwo Jima - American Marines made an amphibious landing on this volcanic island 750 miles from the Japanese mainland and considered a shrine to the Japanese. Inside the extinct volcano approximately 20,000 Japanese troops waited for advancing Marines. After a fierce battle 7,000 Americans were dead and 19,000 Japanese fought to the death"Iwo Jima" - HBO "the Pacific"
- April 1945 Okinawa - Just 350 miles off of Japan, the stakes grew even higher. Over 12,000 Americans died in the invasion force at Okinawa, while an overwhelming 110,000 Japanese died for their emperor.
Documentary Iwo JimaView the footage and conditions of Iwo Jima - Write CCQPs under the impressions of Normandy & Battle of the Bulge
Were the Japanese resigned to the fact that they were losing the war?
Countdown of the 10 Bloodiest "Battles" of WWII
Japanese Internment Camps in the United States
Executive Order 9066Internment Camp video
Internment Camps
Eyewitness: Hidden Camera Topaz Utah
In February of 1942, President Roosevelt ordered the forced relocation of approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans away from their homes and businesses primarily located on the West Coast. They endured many
in the these camps, and were asked to take oaths of loyalty. These was never any proof that Japanese American espionage.
Korematsu Ruling
Korematsu 5min
The Home Front
We are getting the picture somewhat of how difficult this war
was to fight, yet the American public still had no idea of all the
hardships of war. They did not know yet events
such as Bataan or the Holocaust until FDR acknowledged
them in a speech in March 1944.
FDR Speech Here
Hollywood War Effort
The End of WWII
Europe May 1945, but Japan???December 1944 - Battle of the Bulge - Hitler's last attempt at stopping the British and American Armies from reaching Germany. Against the advice of his generals, Hitler ordered the "Ardennes Offensive" which now is known as the Battle of the Bulge. It is called this because the German offensive caught the Allies off guard and pushed them 50 miles back. The fighting was intense as the numbers reflect Germans 100,000 casualties, Americans 81,000 casualties.More on Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge "Band of Brothers"
3 Conferences - Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
How will this war end? Are the Allies all in agreement?What will the world look like after the war?
Yalta Conference January 1945
Yalta Conference
Above is a map showing how the Allied troops would meet at the Elbe River in Berlin, Germany. Read the "Inside Story" Chapter 24.5 to learn more about this historic moment. At Tehran Conference & Yalta Conference (see pictures above) it had been decided to
partition Germany into 4 zones at the end of the war. Berlin would also be partitioned into zones to be overseen by the Americans, British, French, & Soviets.
Poland would be under the Soviet "guidance" but there would be a free election soon to determine what type of government the Polish people wanted.
Other Soviet occupied lands would also have free elections
Soviets were to declare war on Japan 3 months after Germany surrendered.
In this picture taken in January of 1945, one can see a very frail FDR seated in the middle. FDR would be dead by mid-April 1945, and his successor Harry Truman would have to see the Americans through to the end of the war & Japanese defeat in August of 1945.
See Anthem chapter 25.1Potsdam Conference July 1945
Truman Library
The Beginning of the Atomic Age
Testing the Bomb
To Invade or Not to Invade?
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
survivor link
Hiroshima & Nagasaki Remembered
http://voiceseducation.org/content/testimonials-bombing-hiroshima
Hiroshima - Then & Now
WWII Statistics